SOME NATURAL ISOLATED COMPOUNDS AS ANTICANCER AGENTS

ABOUT AUTHORS
R. Mishra¹, P. Barad¹, N. Patel², N. Patel³*
¹Department of Pharmacy,
Shree S.K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehasana Gujarat
²Department of Pharmacognosy,
Shree S.K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehasana Gujarat
³Department of Pharmacology,
Shree S.K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehasana Gujarat

ABSTRACT
Worldwide cancer is the major cause of death. Almost 8.8 million people died due to different types of cancer such as lung cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, blood cancer etc. in 2015. Government of various countries and some private organizations are spending trillions dollars for the research in cancer. According to report of WHO treatment cost of cancer is approximately US$ 1.16 trillion per year and this amount is increasing per year. Despite of huge work the exact cause of genesis is still unknown. Couples of therapies like chemotherapy, radiation, surgery and targeted therapy are available with some detrimental effect. Now scientists are seeking lead molecule from naturally occurring substances due to high safety margin as compared to current approaches. Natural phytochemicals are prominent strategy for prevention, treating, and curing cancer. There are many phytochemicals from herbs having potent anticancer property. Generally these phytochemicals treat cancer by different mechanisms like augmenting apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, targeting to some specific cancer inducing proteins, increasing cytotoxicity etc. This is our little attempt to gather information of phytochemicals having anticancer property such as Etoposide, Curcumin, Vincristine, etc. with postulated mechanism. Etoposide is effective in lung cancer, ovarian cancer by inhibiting type II Topoisomerase. Various research revealed that Curcumin is effective in different types of cancers by increasing apoptosis and targeting specific gene such as MDM2 oncogene is inhibited through the ETS2 transcription factor by modulation of signaling pathway PI3K/mTOR in breast cancer. Vincristine shows anticancer property by oncogenic EWS-FLI1 fusion protein inhibition which cause G2-M phase cell cycle arrest & reduce tumor. This review depicts few phytochemicals having anticancer property such as Etoposide, Curcumin, vincristine, etc. with possible mechanism.

INTRODUCTION
Globally cancer is the chief inducer of death. Cancer is a condition in which abnormal rapid cell growth due to irregularity in the genome. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes which work in cell-cycle regulation are often observed in numerous types of cancer (Bukhtoyarov et al., 2015). Almost 8.8 million people succumbed due to different types of cancer such as lung cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, blood cancer etc. (www.who.int/cancer/en/). Despite of huge work the exact cause is unknown, many therapies like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery and targeted therapy are available with some toxic effect. Now scientists are focusing on naturally occurring substances from plant sources having anti-cancer properties with minimum toxic effect as compared to chemotherapy. Natural phytochemicals are prominent strategy for prevention, treating, and curing cancer. There are many phytochemicals from herbs having potent anticancer property. Generally these phytochemicals treat cancer by different mechanisms like increasing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, targeting to some specific cancer inducing proteins, increasing cytotoxicity etc. Etoposide is effective in lung cancer, ovarian cancer by inhibiting type II Topoisomerase. Various research shows that Curcumin is effective in different types of cancer like breast cancer and lung cancer by increasing apoptosis and targeting specific gene such as MDM2 oncogene is inhibited through the ETS2 transcription factor by modulation of signaling pathway PI3K/mTOR in breast cancer. (Lazaro M, 2008) Government of various countries and some private organizations are spending trillions dollars for the research in cancer.

DISCUSSION
Cancer is becoming a high profile disease in developed and developing worlds. In 2007 the WHO published that in 2005, 7.6 million people died from cancer related diseases with the majority of these people living in low-income countries. In the United States cancer is the cause of 1 in 4 deaths and in 2010 it was estimated there were over 1.5 million new cases of cancer (Jemal et al 2010). Cancer Research UK said in 2012 14.1 million adults were diagnosed with cancer and 8.2 million people were killed by cancer globally (www.cancerresearchuk.org). Therefore, the demand for a cure and the prevention of cancer is extremely high.

Chemically-derived drugs have been developed and other cancer treatments pre-exist . (Seidel et al 2012). However, current methods such as chemotherapy have their limitations due to their toxic effects on non-targeted tissues furthering human health problems (Ochwang’I et al 2014). Therefore, there is a demand for alternative treatments with naturally-derived anticancer agents with plants being the desired source.

Increasing demand for plant-derived drugs is putting pressure on high-value medicinal plants and risking their biodiversity (Zschocke et al 2000). Increasing populations, urbanization and deforestation are contributing to species endangerment in developing countries. To aid conservation of these species germplasm conservation, cryopreservation, tissue cultures and plant part substitution strategies need to be in place (Kasagana et al 2011) . Mass cultivation of medicinal plant species and utilizing raw by-products in industries may also help with conservation. (Phillipson et al 1999) (Sahpazidou et al 2014) Plant-derived anticancer agents are effective inhibitors of cancer cells lines, making them in high demand. Exploitation of these agents needs to be managed to keep up with demands and be sustainable.

CONCLUSION:
This review article explains potential anticancer active ingredients from natural source. They would be least toxic and more effective than rest synthetic molecules. Till the date, no significant and systematic studies been carried out. Thus it is desirable to pursue research endeavor on these compounds and they would be brought to market in coming days. Hence millions of patients will be benefitted.

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